El sedentarismo y la motivación a la práctica deportiva. Revisión sistemática

Dr.Emerson Roberto Yépez Herrera1, Dr. Danilo Charchabal Perez2, Dr. Henry Geovanny Pillajo Quisilema3, Dr. Deysi Elizabeth Apolo Egüez4,Dr. Diana Marcela Romero Peña5

1Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE).
2Universidad de Guayaquil.

*Corresponding author

Dr. Emerson Roberto Yépez Herrera, University of the Armed Forces (ESPE).

Abstract

Sports practice establishes the development of physical activity, since this approach it generates the importance of doing it daily, to avoid sedentary lifestyle and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Objective: To analyze the most used approaches in the study of the relationship between sedentary lifestyle and motivation to practice sports. Methodology: Bibliographic search with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, in academic Google, Dialnet metasearch, LILACS and electronic journals of various disciplines following the recommendations of the PRISMA standard. 3,180 scientific articles were extracted from which 17 were selected for review. Results: 80% of the studies affirmed the existence of a relationship between the variables. Most described that motivation and lack of physical activity, at a specific moment or sustained over time, increase the probability of completely abandoning their practice. Of the total studies, 80% were of a cross-sectional design, and the most vulnerable population was female. The non-availability of time, was the most described reason, among the measurement instruments used, highlight the “Questionnaire for regulation of behavior in sport”, “Questionnaire of Motivational Climate Perceived in Sport” and the “Scale of Satisfaction of Psychological Needs in Exercise”. In Conclusion: The relationship between sedentary lifestyle and motivation to practice sports with factors in behavior and lifestyle still require more information, especially in Latin America. The analysis in sedentary people to explain and know the motivation is limited for inferential reasons, given the high cost of these problems it is necessary to carry out more studies with rigorous designs and methodologies.

KEYWORDS: motivation; sedentary lifestyle; sports; physical activity; habits; Lifestyle.

 

Introduction

Sedentary lifestyle is among the main causes of health problems globally, according to the World Health Organization (2015) describes that: 60% of the world population is sedentary together with normal or high food intakes, an energy imbalance is caused which can translate into alterations in the state of health, such as malnutrition due to excess. Buhring, Oliva, and Bravo (2009). In addition, it is associated as a factor with a worse quality of life and an increase in general mortality Cabrera de León, et al. (2007). It is essential that this conduct be considered within the social role as detrimental in all aspects that encompass its meaning.

Motivation can be determined as a process and factors that, through key moments of action based on behaviors, direct said actions towards an objective or, in turn, satisfy a need that are influenced by psychological impulses according to Descriptors in Health Sciences ( 2017). Within psychology, two main types of motivation are determined: extrinsic and intrinsic. In this way, the basic principle of human behavior is explained.

For the studies of the motivation of sports practice according to Moral et al. (2019) there have been multiple findings that answer the questions of the behavior of the human being in the face of the ability to perform, where the psychological factor is the one that intervenes first, it is In other words, the motivation in the human being can be fluctuating but it is not ruled out that it is managed and conscious.

DEVELOPMENT

METHODOLOGY

Systematic review of the scientific literature on the study objectives with a methodology that ensures a pertinent and precise recovery process as suggested by the recommendations of the PRISMA standard. Liberati and others (2009).

Inclusion criteria (IC):

  • CI-1. Publication date between 2016 and 2021.
  • CI-2. Studies of journals indexed in Dialnet.
  • CI-3. Primary research papers in Spanish carried out on humans, with samples of more than 40 people, quantitative studies that analyzed the relationship between the two variables of interest: sedentary lifestyle and motivation to practice sports.
  • CI-4. Studies whose analysis instruments for the sedentary lifestyle and motivation variables had demonstrable internal validation in at least one of them.

Exclusion criteria (EC).

Due to the lack of delimitation of the approach of the terms and of some factors associated with a sedentary lifestyle and the motivation to practice sports, the following were excluded: Studies focused on people with any type of disability.

Studies for his degree based on nutrition and business marketing.

Bibliographic search.

The keywords and descriptors to generate the bibliographic search, in Spanish, were: Two roots: "Sedentary lifestyle" and "Motivation"

Two secondary descriptors: "sports practice" "physical activity".

Several specific marginals: "Stress", "academic motivation", "Anxiety", "Rehabilitation" "Depression" and "Muscular pain".

The sources or databases from which information has been obtained are detailed in Figure 1.

Fig.1

Figure 1: Flowchart of search methodology according to PRISMA recommendation.

Table 1: General description of the articles included in the review.

Table 1

Table 2: Critical evaluation of the literature according to criteria for health studies(1,8).

Table 2

Table 3: Study quality assessment.

Table 3

Result

A total of 3,180 articles were obtained. Once the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 17 articles were found for the review: 17 from the Google academic database, of which 14 were repeated in the Dialnet metasearch engine searches, another 3 articles were found in different journals through from the LILACS search engine. The search methodology is described in the flowchart (Figure 1) carried out according to the recommendations of the PRISMA standard. Liberati and others (2009).

Selection and quality of studies

From the selected studies, a first classification was extracted according to the scientific and bibliometric value of the journals of origin of the articles, based on the Dialnet CI-2 quartiles, 8 articles located in the Q1 quartile, 2 in Q2, 5 in Q3 and 2 in Q4.

For the selection of studies, the title, abstract and keywords were explored according to the CI-3. Those whose summary or abstract did not deduce the relationship between sedentary lifestyle and motivation to practice sports were discarded.

In the complete reading of the articles selected as potentially relevant and once the exclusion criteria were applied, the quality assessment of the studies was carried out according to the criteria for health studies and health psychology, proposed by Bowling (2014); Perestelo (2013) (Tables I, II, III). A summary of the most relevant data from the analysis can be found in the Annex.

Association between a sedentary lifestyle and motivation to practice sports

80% of the studies affirmed the existence of a relationship between the sedentary lifestyle variables and the motivation to practice sports, most of them described a unidirectional relationship in which motivation and lack of physical activity, either at a specific moment or maintained over time, they increase the probability of abandoning the habit of movement altogether.

Only 5 articles according to Gomez and Fernandez (2020); Simon and others; Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango, and Lizcano (2019); Zarauz (2016) and Fraguela, Varela and Varela (2020) expressed that the main motivation for practicing sports is enjoyment, however, other studies stated that the lack of time can be decisive Quesada and Gómez (2017), found that the autonomy of the actions leads to greater enjoyment and the probability of extending the time of sports practice Gómez and Fernández (2020) and Simón et al., regarding the ego and the misconception of body image causes a sedentary lifestyle, even Latorre, Jiménez, Párraga and García (2016) and Zarauz and Ruiz (2016) being statistically significant.

85% of the studies that met the objectives of the review focused on gender differences considering specific reasons in both men and women and common factors. Of all of them, competence stood out, a feeling of success that appeared in 23% of the articles, followed by health in 35% and enjoyment in 25% of the studies. Those with the lowest proportion were to develop a skill 12%, body image 10%, Interest 5% and social 3%.

Most common research designs and most used instruments.

Of the total number of studies found, 80% were cross-sectional, according to Bermejo, Almagro and Rebollo (2018); Sow (2019); Chacón and others (2017); Gomez and Fernandez (2020); Simon and others; Palma and others (2018); Proaño, Martínez and Jiménez (2020); Moreno, Marcos and Huéscar, (2016); Quesada and Gomez (2017); Latorre, Jiménez, Párraga and García (2016); Zarauz and Ruiz (2016); Valenzuela, Codina and Pestana, (2020); and Castañeda, Zagala, Arufe and Campos (2018), and 5% of the observational type Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango, and Lizcano, (2019) and 5% non-experimental González and others (2019) (Table II).

Of the 17 articles reviewed, 15 described psychometric validations of all the measurement instruments of the variables described in the objectives of this review (Bermejo, Almagro, & Rebollo, 2018); Sow (2019); Chacón and others (2017); Gomez and Fernandez (2020); Simon, and others; González and others, (2019); Proaño, Martínez, and Jiménez, (2020); Moreno, Marcos and Huéscar (2016); Quesada and Gómez (2017)¸ Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango, and Lizcano Cardona, (2019); Latorre, Jiménez, Párraga, and García, (2016); Zarauz and Ruiz (2016); Fraguela, Varela, and Varela (2020); Valenzuela, Codina, and Pestana (2020) and Castañeda, Zagalaz, Arufe, and Campos (2018). (Table I).

To measure the "motivational" psychosocial factors, the most representative instrument was the "Scale of Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise" Bermejo, Almagro, and Rebollo (2018) validated by Sánchez and Núñez (2007) and which appeared in 2 studies Bermejo, Almagro, and Rebollo (2018) and Valenzuela, Codina, and Pestana (2020), and finally the "Sports Conduct Regulation Questionnaire" (BRSQ-3) Cerdá (2019) that appeared in 3 articles Bermejo, Almagro, and Rebollo (2018); Cerda (2019); Latorre, Jiménez, Párraga, and García (2016).

For the measurement of the level of sedentary lifestyle, the most common was the "Ad-hoc creation of the same author that appeared in 5 studies González, et al. (2019);

Proaño, Martínez, and Jiménez (2020); Fraguela, Varela, and Varela (2020); Valenzuela, Codina, and Pestana (2020); Castañeda, Zagalaz, Arufe, and Campos (2018), then the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango, and Lizcano (2019) that appeared in 1 study, like the IPAQ, less used, appeared in 1 article Gómez and Fernández (2020).

Populations more vulnerable to sedentary lifestyle problems related to motivation.

Of the 17 total studies, 50% dealt with students, 12% studied samples of female athletes, users of a sports center, among others, as described in (Table II).

12% of the studies were based on a sample of women only, in most cases their representation was light, but with valid results.

Personal and/or psychosocial mediators in the motivation-sedentary relationship

The motivational factors most described in the reviewed literature were the "feeling of well-being" Bermejo, Almagro, and Rebollo (2018); Gomez and Fernandez (2020); González, and others, (2019); Proaño, Martínez and Jiménez (2020); Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango and Lizcano and (2019); Fraguela, Varela and Varela (2020) and Valenzuela, Codina, and Pestana (2020) followed by the “enjoyment” Gómez and Fernández (2020); Simon, and others; Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango, and Lizcano (2019); Zarauz and Ruiz (2016) and Fraguela, Varela and Varela (2020) and the “autonomy” Simón and others; Moreno, Marcos and Huéscar (2016) and Zarauz and Ruiz (2016), one and the other, presented competition factors and self-esteem on the one hand, despite adverse factors such as lack of time and ego control.

Less frequent were the "lack of family support" González and others (2019) and the "lack of interest" González and others (2019) and Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango and Lizcano (2019). Other psychosocial factors reported such is the case of appreciation of body image, dependence on physical exercise, lack of support and community participation, not finding activities according to interests, among others.

Individual factors that intervene as mediators include gender, age, habits or lifestyles, frequency and type of physical activity, and body mass index, among others. Specifically, 7 articles determined the female gender as a personal mediator in the relationship studied according to Cerdá (2019); Quesada and Gomez (2017); Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango and Lizcano (2019); Zarauz and Ruiz (2016); Corbí, Palmero and Jiménez (2019); Fraguela, Varela and Varela (2020) and Valenzuela, Codina and Pestana (2020), another three male Moreno, Marcos and Huéscar (2016); Zarauz and Ruiz (2016) and Castañeda, Zagalaz, Arufe and Campos (2018), on the other hand, the relationship between age and the absence of sports practice concludes that young people (understand the age 18-20 years) are more prone to develop habits away from sports practice when there is no adequate stimulation.

Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4

DISCUSSION

The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the designs most used in the study of the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and the motivation to practice sports. The results showed the association between competence, sensation of success, health and enjoyment, however, the findings are not exempt from controversy regarding protective and/or risk factors for this problem, as well as subjectivity and suitable instruments for its measurement. . The heterogeneity of the studies, not only due to the samples studied, but also due to the type of design and the measurement of the variables, however the important methodological limitations, such as: the scarce psychological evaluation of some instruments or the lack of a There is a clear division between the type of motivation and psychological management, which leads to confusion when talking about the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and the motivation to practice sports, which conditions the reliability of the results in this review study.

The unidirectional relationship in which motivation and lack of physical activity, either at a specific moment or maintained over time, increase the probability of completely abandoning the habit of movement. Patterns of behavior only cause the feeling of failure indistinctly in the population considered.

Gender plays a determining role in the directed tasks Cerdá (2019) although there is a bidirectional relationship between the study variables, perception is alien to the social role it plays, the process of designing a profile Proaño, Martínez and Jiménez (2020) and Quesada and Gómez (2017) guarantees that basic psychological needs can be satisfied in such a way that the massification of physical-sports practice is positive for sectors of society in general.

The unidirectional studies, which relate a sedentary lifestyle with the motivation to practice sports Cerdá (2019); Chacón and others (2017); González and others (2019) and Quesada and Gómez (2017) said problem appears described in the indices analyzed and a great variety in the subject of health, but with numerous contradictions some directed to leisure time and recreation according to Corbí, Palmero and Jiménez (2019) and Fraguela, Varela and Varela (2020) and others to competitive sport and how to avoid abandonment Proaño, Martínez and Jiménez (2020). As for the joint analysis of the "Theory of self-determination" Bermejo, Almagro and Rebollo (2018); Cerda (2019); Chacón and others (2017); Simon, and others; González and others (2019); Moreno, Marcos and Huéscar (2016) and Quesada and Gómez (2017) being a necessary contemplation to generate the analysis of the variables under study. Regarding the most common research designs to study the association between a sedentary lifestyle and the motivation to practice sports, 41% are transversal and carried out in the context of higher education Gómez and Fernández (2020); Simon, and others; Palma and others (2018); Corbí, Palmero and Jiménez (2019); Fraguela, Varela and Varela (2020); Valenzuela, Codina and Pestana (2020) and Castañeda, Zagalaz, Arufe and Campos (2018). Although it is true that through Cross-sectional studies have been able to describe the reasons for doing or not practicing sports and the most vulnerable groups, not in terms of age but gender, these studies share a limitation that may appear in particular due to the amount of research, it could be corrected with more experimental studies and/or with longitudinal designs and in Latin American countries, in which the monitoring of the variables will make it possible to establish significant relationships.

According to the instruments most used to measure the main variables (sedentary lifestyle, motivation, sports practice), the results reveal a notable variety between studies, highlighting the "Sports Behavior Regulation Questionnaire", the "Sports Behavior Questionnaire", Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport” and the “Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale in Exercise”. Something to highlight are the validations regarding the measure of motivation in sports practice, the same is not true for a sedentary lifestyle, in short, there is no abundant use of validated scales and questionnaires that collect various factors and different periods of time.

The population most vulnerable to the sedentary lifestyle and the motivation to practice sports, likewise the data show that they are women and students. In other words, this population is the most studied, due to the percentages of sedentary lifestyle provided by the WHO according to the World Health Organization (2015) as well as the mortality rate and the importance of the subject at the educational level, due to the values of absenteeism not only in centers sports but also in spaces within educational institutions, it is vital to guide sports practice to intrinsic motivations in order to avoid abandonment in sport and develop a more hedonistic practice that moves away from sedentary habits Chacón et al. (2017).

Regarding the motivational factors that appear less frequently related to the subject of study, "lack of family and community support" is significantly related to sedentary lifestyle González et al. (2019) and "lack of interest" González et al. (2019 ) and Muñoz, Cardona, Segura, Arango and Lizcano (2019) appears associated with intrinsic motivation based on autonomy.

Conclusion

The results of this review have provided sustainable evidence in the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and the motivation to practice sports, with factors involved in both behavior and lifestyle. More information is still required, especially in Latin America, since the absence of research causes a deficit in the understanding of evolution based on specific psychosocial profiles. The studies determined that the analysis in sedentary people to explain and know the motivation is scarce, however the inferential reasons are explained.

The use of a systematic and structured search methodology and the analysis of the variables involved in the review are considered to be important strengths of the work; however, a possible limitation related to the rigidity of criteria when it comes to selecting the articles, which has prevented the analysis of other works that, even without being published in journals with a high bibliometric requirement, contributed data of interest to the subject.

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